Mangrove Propagule Dispersal in a Shallow and Narrow Coastal Lagoon: A Simulation-Based Assessment of the Setiu Wetlands, Malaysia

The short- to long-distance dispersal (SDD and LDD) of propagules is critical for the regeneration mangrove forests. Mark–recapture experiments are considered be a good tool assessing such patterns. However, dense roots, exposed mudflats, shallow water, etc. often limit number recaptured their implication studies. Therefore, combination hydrodynamic particle tracking models, together with mark–recapture experiment, were applied identify behavior Rhizophora mucronata Lamk. in coastal lagoon Setiu Wetlands, Malaysia. transport trajectories revealed that leptokurtic, majority them confined very-short-distance (VSDD; 3–5 m) SDD (1400 m). While higher obstacle density (e.g., roots) constrained propagule dispersal, weaker tidal currents coupled less upstream discharge increased retention time settlement closer point release. Under this scenario, chances exit from mouth entry into open waters LDD very limited. These results can explain abundance spp. northern sector Wetlands useful species-level conservation/management.